Tryptophan - 5-HTP - Serotonin - N-acetylserotonin - Melatonin

Tryptophan metabolism and its cofactors

Berberine potential applications and risks

In this overview, we explore the potential benefits and precautions associated with berberine.

Multiple Sclerosis

Overview of illness pathway and potential interventions

Case

A male patient presents with a history of persistent fatigue and swelling of the neck glands, which he has experienced for several years. Additionally, he has been managing psoriasis and reports complaints of tired eyes and the presence of eye floaters. These symptoms have manifested following an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Notably, his father has been diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa.

Connective tissue overview

Fibroblast, extracellular matrix with collagen, elastin, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

HPS axis

Excess fructose intake and malabsorption - the consequences

Excess fructose intake and fructose malabsorption can cause gas in the colon. This gas can trigger GERD but also arrythmia. Additionally, excess fructose in the intestines causes a decrease of tryptophan absorption, which leads to decreased serotonin levels, depression and constipation.

HPT axis and Hashimoto's

Causes of Hashimoto's and how it impacts the HPT axis

HPT axis

Hypothalamus - Pituitary - Thyroid axis

Failure to inactivate Hypoxia Induced Factor (HIF-1)

And consequences (overly perfused tendons) and countermeasures (vit C, Q10, molybdenum, zinc)

Energy supply through blood brain barrier

Role of ATP, arcuate nucleus, AgRP, KATP, sympathetic nervous system, HPA axis, MCT1 transporter, ketones and lactate

Processes that require vitamin C

Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) and HIF-1

How a loss of function on VHL can induce angiogenesis and as such tumor growth, and how vitamin C can help in the breakdown of HIF-1.

Neu5GC

Bile acid synthesis

Synthesis of bile acid and the required P450 cytochromes

Glucose transporters

GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, GLUT4, GLUT5, SGLT

Polyol (sorbitol) pathway and consequences

Conversion of glucose to fructose, causing osmotic stress, alzheimer, lipogenesis, increase of triglycerides, increase of ADH and uric acid and MSU leading to gout and LGI.

Placental inactivation of cortisol

Conversion of cortisol to cortisone by the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Covid effect on ACE2 in relation to the RAAS system and ARDS

ACE2 inhibition by covid and its effect on the RAAS system and relation with ARDS

Methionine cycle with BHMT path

PCOS

The role of insulin, testosterone, FSH, LH, theca cells and granulosa cells etc. in the pathophysiology of PCOS

Dominant immune system strategies

Deterministic symptoms of insulin resistance, leptin resistance, cortisol resistance, low thyroid hormone syndrome and IDO pathway

Migraine causes and counteractions

Inflammation, estrogen methylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, stress, insulin resistance

Gut microbiome functions

Production of SCFA and vitamins, regulation of blood lipids, relation to GABA, serotonin and dopamine, impact on allergies and protection against pathogens

RAAS system

Renin Angiotensin aldosterone system

Glutamate and GABA synthesis

Catecholamines production pathway

Phenylalanine - tyrosine - l-dopa - dopamine - noradrenaline (norepinephrine) - adrenaline (epinephrine)

Activation of digestive enzymes in the duodenum

stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Bilirubin process

From erythrocyte to urobilinogen

Methionine cycle

Methionine - SAMe - Homocysteine - Cysteine - Glutathione

Microbiome and diseases

Lactobacillus and bifido bacteria and their affect on disease

Intestines

Anatomy of intestines: microbiome, mucus layer, epithelium, lamina propria

HPA axis

HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system

Sex hormones

Menstrual issues, PMS, menopause issues and PCOS

Intolerances

Intestinal issues, intolerances, allergies and eczema